![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/34bc9f3df20744de6a170687e9362d12-994x1024.jpg\")
<\/h3>\n<\/h3>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-18-a.png\")
<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
In the current travails of Eastern Europe, Ukraine (just as any other polity endeavoring to defend its interests) is bound to rely on the finesse of her Diplomatic Service. And that makes the history of the aforementioned institution a fitting subject for at least a brief review.<\/p>\n
The latter, if centered on the foreign strategies of consecutive Ukrainian governments, may seem somewhat formal and dry. On the other hand, there is a less official, but much more attractive narrative \u2013 the one about those Ukrainians whose parts in the stately spectacle of international relations turned out to be deviously consequential.<\/p>\n
Once upon a time, the troupe of such historical actors took aboard the man named Hrygir Orlyk or Gregoire d\u2019Orlik<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 a gallant 18th century diplomat and, in his later years, a skilful military commander in the service of the French Crown. The present essay (composed in a deliberately informal and non-statist style) will speak of the said dashing figure.<\/p>\n A detail of a gentleman\u2019s portrait painted in the 1740s. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons) <\/p>\n The future dignitary of France was born in 1702, in the growing city of Baturyn, the then capital of Ukrainian Hetmanate. His soon-to-be-famous father was Pylyp Orlyk \u2013 a high-positioned Cossack bureaucrat and a member of a noble clan with Czech ancestry. He belonged to the closest friends of Hetman Ivan Mazepa and, since the year of his son\u2019s birth, held the office of the \u2018Clerk-General\u2019 \u2013 id est the chancellor and the foreign minister in the Hetmanate administration.<\/p>\n A page from the armorial encyclopedia \u201cOrbis Poloni\u201d written in 1642 by the famous Polish historian and theologian Simon Okolski (1580-1653).(Image source: www.gulevich.net).\u00a0Along with a number of other noble families, the Orlyks owned the ‘Nowina’ coat of arms displayed on the page above.\u00a0Having moved from the Bohemian lands to the Grand dukedom of Lithuania, Pylyp Orlyk’s forebears used the surname \u2018de Laziska\u2019 in addition to the main family name.\u00a0Pylyp\u2019s son Hrygir, as a French courtier, procured a number of documents from the clan\u2019s seat in Czechia proving his right to bear both surnames and the baronial title.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In 1709, Mazepa, eager for his country\u2019s independence, formed an alliance with the illustrious and sensationally indefatigable king of Sweden, Charles XII. The two marched their armies to face Peter I \u2013 the tsar of Russia whose sovereignty over Ukraine the Hetman had officially repudiated.<\/p>\n Ivan Mazepa (1639-1709), the Hetman of the Left-bank Ukrainian autonomous polity, the Hetmanate (or, as it was officially called, the Zaporozhian Host).\u00a0A charismatic leader and a great patron of arts in the era of the \u2018Sarmatian\u2019 Baroque, he rose against the Tsardom of Russia and its growing dominance over Cossack Ukraine. In the age of Romanticism, the story of his passionate life, glamorous rule, and tragic fall inspired a number of great European artists \u2013 Lord Byron wrote the poem \u2018Mazeppa\u2019 in 1818, Victor Hugo produced the text of the same genre and with the same name in 1829, the Polish \u2018Bard\u2019 Juliusz Slowacki composed the play \u2018Mazepa\u2019 in 1840.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The battle of Poltava proved to be irrecoverably disastrous for the allies who were now forced to flee to the lands of the Ottoman Empire. In a few months, the rebellious Cossack leader died, and the \u2018General Council\u2019 representing what was left of his followers chose Pylyp Orlyk to be their Hetman.<\/p>\n In 1711, he signed an anti-Russian treaty with the Khanate of Crimea, while Hrygir, a nine-year-old child, was sent to the court of the Khan as a political hostage. Perhaps, this episode marked the beginning of the future diplomat\u2019s career to the progress of which the friends he made during his involuntary stay in Bakhchysarai made a notable contribution.<\/p>\n The Pacts and Constitutions of Rights and Freedoms of the Zaporozhian Host, known as the Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk in Latin (shown above) and in Early Modern Ukrainian (below) (Image source: www.cdiak.archives.gov.ua). <\/p>\n Having eventually followed his family to Sweden, Hrygir joined the Royal Guards Regiment as an officer candidate. In 1716, still a boy, he took part in his first major battle.<\/p>\n After the campaign, which had ended the same year, the young \u2018flag bearer\u2019 entered the University of Lund. Already skilled in fencing and other gentlemanly arts, the new student set about mastering Latin and French along with philosophy and music.<\/p>\n This portrait of Charles XII (1682-1718) was painted three years prior to the campaign of 1709. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons).\u00a0Charles, Pylyp Orlyk\u2019s old comrade-in-arms, spent much time at Lund between 1716- 1718. The Hetman\u2019s heir might have often met the king who owed the Orlyks a large amount of money. Unable to return the debt at once, the Swedish ruler compensated this failure by hearty conversations with Hrygir. The experience of being on friendly terms with the royalty proved to be particularly advantageous later on. The death of their royal patron in 1718 brought about bad news for the exiles from Ukraine. The new government in Stockholm turned to a friendly line toward Russia, and the Mazepian Diaspora never accepted this change of political climate.<\/p>\n In 1720, Pylyp and Hrygir moved to Dresden, where the younger Orlyk became a lieutenant in the cavalry-guard of Saxony\u2019s Elector Augustus II. Backed by Russia and Austria, this German sovereign had been chosen King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in 1697.<\/p>\n In 1704, Charles XII invaded Poland to install his political puppet, Stanislaw I Leszczynski, as the \u2018elected\u2019 monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The 1709 defeat crushed all plans of a Swedish-led military and political block stretching from the North to the Black Sea. Augustus returned to the\u00a0Rzeczpospolita<\/em>, where he henceforth ruled under the watchful eye of Peter I. Even the German lands of this feckless prince began to feel the presence of Russia.<\/p>\n Her spies settled all over Saxony, and the Orlyks, as the wanted enemies of the Russian Empire, were compelled to seek another abode. Having escaped to Poland, Pylyp tried to reach the Zaporozhian Cossacks who had built their new\u00a0Sich<\/em>\u00a0in the Khanate-controlled South-Ukrainian lands. En route, the Hetman was captured by the Ottomans whose \u2018honourable prisoner\u2019 he remained till 1738.<\/p>\n Left on his own, Hrygir found employment as aide-de-camp to Stanislaw Rzewuski, one of the highest-ranking military officers in Poland and the governor of Belz voivodeship in Western Ukraine.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n On a rainy morning of the 28th of October, 1729, Hrygir Orlyk entered the Embassy of France in Warsaw, and, having done so, embarked on a new journey through the murky waters of European diplomacy.<\/p>\n That day, the French Ambassador Antoine-Felix de Monti gathered a few extremely important Polish aristocrats whose political sympathies lay with Stanislaw Leszczynski \u2013 the pariah ostracized two decades earlier. The idea to restore him to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania appealed to the Commonwealth\u2019s grandees disturbed by the absolutist ambitions of Augustus II.<\/p>\n The interest of Paris in the affair was even simpler \u2013 to ensure the French influence in the central parts of the continent and, at one stroke, to settle a peculiarly delicate family business. Since 1725, Louis XV of France had been married to Marie Leszczynska \u2013 Stanislaw\u2019s daughter. This meant that, for the sake of the Bourbons\u2019 reputation, the king\u2019s father-in-law had to be given his royal job back.<\/p>\n The plan was set in motion, and between the years of 1729 and 1736 Hrygir planted himself as a noticeable player in this very intricate matter.<\/p>\n Stanislaw Leszczynski (1677-1766) (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). <\/p>\n For four years, the son of the exiled Cossack Hetman, travelled back and forth between Warsaw and Paris with multiple detours to Stockholm, Istanbul, and Bakhchysarai. Acting as a diplomatic agent of France and an officer of the French royal army, he promoted his father\u2019s cause as well: France\u2019s officials, the Khan of Crimea and Stanislaw Leszczynski \u2013 all promised the young man to help Pylyp Orlyk in his attempts to restore the independent Ukrainian Hetmanate. In the meantime, Hrygir (or, Gregoire, as his name sounded in French) was assigned to prepare the ground for the wide alliance against Russia. The Ottomans, the Tatars, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were to form its vanguard, whereas Leszczynski, as King of Poland and Grand duke of Lithuania, would be providing a backbone for the whole endeavor.<\/p>\n In 1733, Augustus II died, and Hrygir-Gregoire entered upon one of his most triumphant missions \u2013 to bring the French candidate to the throne from Paris, where he had been comfortably staying, to Warsaw (along with a million florins to secure Leszczynski\u2019s election by the\u00a0szlachta<\/em>). The Russians, who wanted to see Augustus\u2019 son at the head of the\u00a0Rzeczpospolita<\/em>, employed a few dozens of cutthroat brigands to stop Stanislaw from coming. Nevertheless, Captain Orlyk with only one French nobleman beside him managed to pass all the mortal obstacles of this perilous voyage.<\/p>\n Leszczynski got the crown afresh, but, in just three years, it was lost again: this time to Augustus III of Saxony \u2013 the faithful prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of Russia.<\/p>\n Gregoire, however, remained in favour with Louis XV who, in 1737, intended to make his dauntless Cossack\u00a0 France\u2019s ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n When the king\u2019s idea became known in St. Petersburg, the Russian court realized that the younger Orlyk was considerably more dangerous than the old one. A whole camarilla of Russia\u2019s functionaries conspired to deal away with the ubiquitous Ukrainian.<\/p>\n Louis XV (1710-1774), known as Louis the Beloved, the king of France since 1715. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons). For the service in favour of the French Crown, Hrygor Orlyk received from this monarch a number of presents including a large estate in Lorraine, the title of count, and the king\u2019s unwavering trust.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n In the late 1730s, Gregoire joined the Secret du Roi \u2013 King Luois\u2019 special intelligence service comprised of his most trusted\u00a0gentilehommes<\/em>.<\/p>\n In 1738, Orlyk (or d\u2019Orlik, as his surname was spelled in France) went to Turkey to renew the negotiations on the anti-Russian union. In Istanbul, he met an old friend named Malcolm Sinclair \u2013 a Swedish officer and diplomat of Scottish descent. Both men were Russia\u2019s inappeasable foes, and both became targets for Russian assassins.<\/p>\n When their talks with the Sultan were completed, the emissaries traveled together until April 1739. Then, Gregoire headed for Paris, while Sinclair chose the shortest way to Sweden.<\/p>\n In Silesia, he ran into two Russian officers who, earlier, had been sent to do away with d\u2019Orlik. Having lost him, they galloped about Germany in fading hope of fulfilling the task. When the Swedish agent suddenly passed by, the desperate hitmen decided to attack him instead. They ambushed his carriage and brutally killed its passenger.<\/p>\n Baron Malcolm Sinclair (1690-1739), officer and diplomat serving the Crown of Sweden. (Image source: Wikimedia Commons).<\/p>\n Apparently, the murder was far from being \u2018clean\u2019. A group of witnesses saw the deed of which, later, they gave a detailed account in Stockholm.<\/p>\n Despite the fact that St. Petersburg denied any involvement into this \u2018vile business\u2019, the bellicose party in Swedish establishment made use of the affair. The elites and the commoners of the realm shared the same anti-Russian feelings, which meant that the war was imminent.<\/p>\n Marching to its battlefields and seeing their soldiers off, the Swedes sang the \u2018Sinclairvisan\u2019 \u2013 the song about the death of Baron Sinclair composed by the popular writer Anders Odel.<\/p>\n An illustration to the \u2018Sinclairvisan\u2019 showing Malcolm Sinclair and his killers, a captain and a lieutenant (Image source: www.report.if.ua).\u00a0Russia denied her involvement in the murder, claiming that there were no Russian military personnel in the area.\u00a0The officers were secretly escorted to one of the forts in Siberia, where they lived under house arrest until 1743.\u00a0That year, Elizabeth I, the new Empress of Russia, ordered to promote the captain to the rank of sub-colonel and the lieutenant to that of major. After this, the pair was sent to the garrison of Kazan.<\/p>\n As for d\u2019Orlik, he returned to France, then again went to Istanbul, and, in 1740, tried to persuade Louis XV to build the Zaporozhian Cossacks\u2019\u00a0Sich<\/em>\u00a0on the Rhine.<\/p>\n In France, he was becoming a known and celebrated persona.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Gregoire d\u2019Orlik\u2019s service, as well as his wit and manners, made him particularly popular with both Louis and his official mistress Mme de Pompadour \u2013 a remarkably intelligent and influential woman. The queen consort, Marie Leszczynska, was the diplomat\u2019s favourer too. His role in the second enthronement of Marie\u2019s politically unlucky father and the fact that d\u2019Orlik belonged to the Court\u2019s most charming conversationalists made him a welcome guest in the queen\u2019s quarters.<\/p>\n Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de Pompadour, known as \u2018Madame de Pompadour\u2019 (1721- 1764), the mistress and a close confidant of Louis XV.\u00a0(Image source: Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n Beyond Versailles, he was a frequent visitor at literary salons and, as many believe, a friend of Voltaire.<\/p>\n In his renowned work \u2018The History of Charles XII\u2019, the great philosopher offered a very sympathetic view on Ukraine, Ukrainian Cossacks, and Mazepa\u2019s revolt. That, according to some researchers, was the result of Voltaire\u2019s communication with Gregoire d\u2019Orlik and, through him, with his father Pylyp.<\/p>\n Fran\u00e7ois-Marie Arouet, known as Voltaire (1694-1778), French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher. (Image source: Wikimedia Commoms).\u00a0Voltaire and d\u2019Orlik had common friends who must have recommended the latter to the former as the expert on Ukraine and Mazepa. Voltaire’s\u00a0 \u2018History of Charles XII, King of Sweden\u2019 was accomplished in 1731.<\/p>\n In 1747, d\u2019Orlik, now a count, married Louise-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Le Brun\u00a0de Dinteville, a young lady from an old aristocratic house.<\/p>\n The same year, he purchased the colonel\u2019s commission in the prestigious regiment known as the \u2018Royal Swedes\u2019. Commanding this and other units of the king\u2019s army was to define the next and final stage in his versatile career.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n In 1754, the Seven Year\u2019s War began, and count d\u2019Orlik led his regiment into the very vortex of that conflict.<\/p>\n Insightful decisions and personal bravery earned him the promotion to the rank of junior and, in a short while, senior general.<\/p>\n Apart from the Swedes and the French, he reportedly commanded a squadron of Zaporozhian Cossacks and a unit of Polish nobles who held their Ukrainian-born leader in the highest respect.<\/p>\n On the 14th of November, 1759, during the bloody battle near Minden, a city that belonged to Prussia, general d\u2019Orlik was wounded in the chest. He died the very same day to the great grief of king Louis.<\/p>\n The Battle of Rossbach (the 5th of November, 1757). This was one of the operations in which d\u2019Orlik distinguished himself. Despite his efforts, however, the French lost the day to Fredrick the Great of Prussia.\u00a0(Image source: Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The life of Hrygir Orlyk (or count Gregoire d\u2019Orlik de Laziska, lieutenant-general of the French royal army, diplomatic emissary, and an agent of the French king\u2019s intelligence service) proves how multifaceted the history of Ukrainians is.<\/p>\n Unsurprisingly, this bright character has inspired some quasi-historical myths like the one claiming that the commune Orly (known in France since the Late Middle Ages) and, correspondingly, Orly-Paris Airport were named after the Hetman\u2019s son.<\/p>\n The tales of that sort are hardly needed to supplement the biography we have presented here.<\/p>\n What this flamboyant CV reveals to us could be described as the complex web of international intrigue involving kings, emperors, sultans, soldiers, courtiers and one diplomat of Cossack lineage right in the middle of it.\u00a0That seems to be a non-trivial story of diplomacy\u2019s evolution in both all-European and Ukrainian past.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0414\u043e \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0456\u0457: \u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0456\u0440 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u0438\u043a, \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0430\u0440 \u0434’\u041e\u0440\u043b\u0456\u043a \u0456 \u0437\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0448\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0443 \u0432\u0456\u0441\u0456\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0447\u0447\u0456 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e \u0406\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0433\u043b\u0456\u0439\u044c\u043a\u043e\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u044e In the current travails of Eastern Europe, Ukraine (just as any other polity endeavoring to defend its interests) is bound to rely on the finesse of her Diplomatic Service. And that makes the history of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[4],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=387"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":672,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387\/revisions\/672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/ua\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/db9fd433b1cb51e50056cca1ec9e4b06.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nSome Ukrainian historians believe that the person seen here is count Gregoire d\u2019Orlik, as he was known in France, or Hrygir Orlyk, as he is called in Ukraine (1702-1759).<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-18.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/h4>\n
The Early Years<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Orbis-Polonis4.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/MAZEPA_Ivan_Stepanovich522.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/2ba4cf6fec76ff44b7f58d729622008a2-1024x499.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/cd37e756d8b34d9e6839b142ed9131073-1024x483.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nThe \u2018Constitution\u2019 has three main themes \u2013 1) the independence of Ukrainian Hetmanate backed by Sweden, the Ottoman Empire and the Khanate of Crimea, 2) the limitation of Hetman\u2019s power and the functioning of the Cossack parliament, 3) the state support to vulnerable social groups of Ukraine. Declared on the day of Orlyk\u2019s election, \u2018the Pacts\u2019 were a form of a political contract between the Hetman and the Cossacks. Many in Ukraine, including historians, entertain the notion of this document\u2019s unprecedented nature. Despite some undoubtedly original features, its text follows the tradition of similar contracts between the monarch and the nobility in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Cossack elites saw themselves as rightful heirs to that political practice.<\/p>\n<\/p>\nIn Sweden and Germany<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/d6c47f7eed52b495f7f929bf885bc6072.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-4-\u0430.png\")
<\/p>\nIn the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/84561eb10e075c4b8ca6d17140f4b6ad2.jpg\")
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Snaislaw-I2.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nThe portrait on the left was painted during his first reign in 1709, the one on the right \u2013 in 1731, when Leszczynski was about to return his monarchical power in the Rzeczpospolita.<\/p>\n<\/p>\nA diplomatic agent of France<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/98d3ce5f7f9125dc933ad8c5b2243144.jpg\")
<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-5.png\")
<\/p>\nFurther career<\/h3>\n
and<\/h3>\n
Russian assassins<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/71b0472c1a4e7c767c3955595e769cf9-scaled.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/34bc9f3df20744de6a170687e9362d12.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-8.png\")
<\/p>\nIn France<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/f48b70cb314517f0dda2fb49d1ccbea92.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/a01bcc0b4204790b44f63dbc89b958f4.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0421\u0438\u043c\u0432\u0456\u0430\u0440-9.png\")
<\/p>\nMilitary Exploits and Death<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/39b30b4f0683309e2c845ea3082cb7ed3.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\nPostscriptum<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"http:\/\/diplomatic-arts.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/\u0420\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0456\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0447-7-\u0431.png\")
<\/h6>\n<\/h6>\n
<\/p>\nThis article was first published on <\/span>Hromadske International<\/a><\/span><\/h6>\n